اولين نسل از زبان HTML

در دهه ?? ميلادي و بهمراه افزايش ارتباط کاربران با اينترنت، امکان خواندن مطالب در فضاي اينترنت با استفاده از کدنويسي HTML مهيا شد. در آن زمان صفحات وب از متن هايي محدود و در يک ستون تشکيل ميشدند و مودم هاي ديال آپ سرعت بسيار پاييني داشتند به همين دليل طراحان وب هرگز به فکر استفاده از تصوير و فيلم در صفحات سايت نبودند.

Mosaic نام اولين مرورگر براي ارتباط و درک  طراحی  صفحات وب بود که بر روي سيستم عامل Unix راه اندازي شد. براي غلبه بر اين مشکلات و محدوديت ها تلاش هاي فراواني صورت گرفت تا دنياي وب به شکل امروزي آن رسيده است.

نسل دو زبان کدنويسي HTML

مدت زماني طول کشيد تا طراحان وب خود را با تکنولوژي هاي رو به پيشرفت همگام و هماهنگ کنند. به همين دليل با ايجاد هماهنگي و با ايده فعال و زيبا کردن صفحات وب به ناگهان صفحات زيادي با ظاهر هاي بهم ريخته و شلوغ که تنها به استفاده از تصاوير و رنگ هاي مختلف توجه کرده بودند ايجاد شد. دستورات کدنويسي HTML به سرعت افزايش يافت تا جاييکه براي ايجاد يک هماهنگي عمومي نسخه دوم يعني HTML2 رونمايي شد.

پيچيدگي در کدنويسي وب از همين مرحله آغاز شد و بزرگترين مانع سرعت پايين اينترنت در ديافت عکس و گرافيک براي کاربران عمومي بود.

کنسرسيوم جهاني وب

کدنويسي HTML

کنسرسيوم جهاني وب ناظر مستقيم بر استانداردهاي کدنويسي HTML

با گسترده تر شدن امکانات و کاربران اينترنت، کنسرسيوم جهاني وب يا همان W3C که با WWW شناخته ميشود با يک ايده مشخص تشکيل شد. هدف اين کنسرسيوم جلوگيري از انحصار اينترنت در چنگال يک يا چند شرکت بزرگ و استفاده از آن در جهان بوده است. به اين ترتيب سياست هاي کلي و زبان کدنويسي در همه جه يکسان بوده و مرورگرهاي اينترنت براساس همين پروتکل ها عمل خواهند کرد، در نتيجه تفاوت آنها تنها در ظاهر، سرعت و امکاناتشان خواهد بود. همين امر موجب پيشرفت سريعتر و هدفمند اينترنت شد.

W3C با مشخص کردن استاندارهاي کدنويسي براي طراحان وب و نظارت بر رعايت آن يک سامان دهي و هماهنگي جهاني ايجاد کرده و هرگونه تغيير و بروزرساني در آن به سادگي در اختيار همگان خواهد بود.

نسل سوم زبان HTML

نسل سوم يا همان کدنويسي HTML3 با ورود انيميشن، فلش، افکت هاي صوتي و تصاوير سه بعدي به صفحات وب همراه بوده و در همين فاصله شرکت مايکروسافت مرورگر خود را با نام اينترنت اکسپلورر به جهان معرفي کرد.

نشل سوم تجربه بهتري براي کاربران اينترنتي بهمراه داشت زيرا طراحان و متخصصان کدنويسي وب توجه بيشتري به نظم در صفحات و نحوه ارائه مطالب نشان ميدادند. در اين مقطع قدرت و پتانسيل بالاي اينترنت بر همگان آشکار شد.

نسل چهارم کدنويسي HTML

HTML4 در عمل پيش درآمد و مقدمه اي براي نسل پنچم يا همان زبان کدنويسي HTML5 بشمار ميرود و تا امروز جديدترين نسخه ارائه شده است. اين نسخه جديد افزونه ها و امکانات بسيار زيادي داشته و با تمام مرورگرهاي موجود همخواني لازم را دارد.  طراحی  عده اي دو نسخه اخير را همچنان افزونه هايي بر نسخه سوم ميدانند زيرا توجه به کاربران و راحتي استفاده از اينترنت از HTML3 آغاز شد.

کدنويسي و اينترنت در دنياي امروز

در دنياي کدنويسي امروز طراحان ميتوانند هر ايده اي را به واقعيت نزديک کرده و در سايتهاي اينترنتي به نمايش بگذارند. کوچکترين جزئيات در صفحات قابل تغيير و کدنويسي HTML هستند.

با افزايش استفاده از اينترنت و ورود مفاهيمي مانند بازاريابي اينترنتي، تبليغات آنلاين و موتورهاي جستجو طراحان وب به اين نتيجه رسيدند که تنها نبايد به ظاهر و زيبايي وبسايت هاي خود توجه کنند، بلکه با کدنويسي صحيح و رعايت اصول ميتوانند توجه موتورهاي جستجو را به خود جلب کرده و بازديدکنندگان بيشتري را جذب کنند. اين روند همچنان به رشد و پيشرفت خود ادامه داده و ممکن است در آينده اي نه چندان دور شاهد تغييرات شگرفي در دنياي اينترنت باشيم.

 

 

Tags: educational templates, educational trends in design, Educational Website Design, Educational website style, educational website templates, Educational websites

Posted in Showcases, Uncategorized, Useful Tips, WordPress Themes

 

 

Education rules the nation! Kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities give us a chance to become a part of social life. They broaden our horizons and teach us how to be who we are. Some people spend the whole life studying something, mastering their skills and increasing their IQ level.

 

The reason why we decided to talk about educational website design is the relevancy of this topic in the mode world. Educational websites gain their popularity day by day. Choosing the right school or kindergarten for their kids, parents mostly rely on Inteet resources. The same situation touches student audience, too. Different researches have proved that users make aesthetic decisions about the overall visual impression of any web page in as little as 50 milliseconds. The importance of first impression can play a great role for your web service. Taking into account that the potential visitors of such websites are mostly young people, website owners have to follow all the newest trends of Educational website style. A weighty part in this case also takes information. Site has to be a source of any kind of information conceing educational process, conditions and regulations.

 

Let us make it clear: what makes educational sites successful?

 

Call-to-action. The goal of your site is to involve more clients to your school, kindergarten, etc. Make them want to visit your institution. Show the advantages of it, use more photo and video materials.

Well-built structure. Education services tend to have a lot of content including schedules, documentation for each program, reports and so on. Make sure your content is easy to search around and features clear navigation that makes sense to your visitors.

Make it look smart. The visitors associate your website with what your school does. The better it is presented online, the better opinion the visitors will have about your work.

 

 

When it comes to educational templates which can fit the general view of your educational organization, it shouldn’t be a platform to show off performance everything has to be wisely balanced.

 

Today we will try to showcase you the most popular educational trends in design based on our templates collection that you may find interesting to apply for your future service:

 

حتماً تا به حال با صفحاتي مواجه شده ايد که به زبان فارسي نوشته شده اند، اما وقتي از آنها بازديد مي کنيد با کلماتي به هم ريخته و غير قابل فهم مواجه مي شويد. دليل اين مشکل ناسازگار بودن Encoding انتخاب شده در مرورگر با زبان فارسي است.

اين ناسازگاري ممکن است به دليل کامل نشدن بارگزاري صفحه ايجاد شده باشد يا به دليل اينکه در هنگام طراحي Encoding متناسب با زبان فارسي انتخاب نشده باشد يا اصلاً در طراحي صفحه هيچگزينه اي براي Encoding صفحه در نظر گرفته نشده باشد.

 

در اکثر مواقع مي توانيد صفحه مورد نظر را به روش زير به صورت فارسي مشاهده کنيد:

 

مرورگر اينترنت اکسپلورر در ويندوز (Microsoft Inteet Explorer) :

از منوي view گزينه Encoding را انتخاب کنيد و گزينه utf-8 را کليک کنيد. در صورتي که در ليست اوليه کد پيجهاي مختلف نتوانستيد utf-8 را مشاهده کنيد نشانگر ماوس خود را روي گزينه More نگهداريد و utf-8 را از بين کد پيجهاي مختلف پيدا کرده و روي آن کليک کنيد. 

در ساير مرورگر ها هم به همين روش بايد عمل کنيد فقط مسير منو ها کمي تفاوت دارد. مي توانيد مسير هاي زير را دنبال کنيد.

مرورگر فاير فوکس : (Firefox)

view --> Character Encoding --> unicode (utf-8)

 

view --> Encoding --> Unicode --> UTF-8

البته اگر به اين روش مشکل صفحه مورد نظر شما حل نشد به دليل اين است که صفحه با پيج کد ديگري نوشته شده است. مي توانيد گزينه هايي مثل (Arabic(Windows رانيز امتحان کنيد.

 

براي اينکه يک صفحه فارسي طراحي کنيم دو چيز را بايد مد نظر قرار دهيم:

 

راست به چپ بودن صفحه

براي اينکه يک صفحه راست به چپ طراحي کنيم مي توانيم به چند طريق عمل کنيم.

 

استفاده از شناسه "dir="rtl در تگ <html>

از اين شناسه در بسياري از تگهاي HTML مي توان استفاده نمود. در صورتي که صفحه اي راست به چپ باشد و بخواهيم از قسمتهاي چپ به راست نيز در آن صفحه استفاده کنيم مي توانيم از شناسه "dir="ltr استفاده کنيم.

استفاده از CSS براي تعيين direction صفحه

 

براي تنظيم Encoding صفحه بايد از يک متاتگ در بخش HEAD متن استفاده کنيم. اين متاتگ براي کد پيج utf-8 که بيشترين سازگازي را با صفحات فارسي دارد به صورت زير است:

 

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">

اگر در طراحي صفحه اي از اين متاتگ استفاده شود کد پيج utf-8 در مرورگر به صورت خودکار براي آن صفحه اعمال مي شود.

 

 

در سلسله آموزشهاي طراحي سايت آنلاينر به بخش دوم Event attribute در html پرداختيم.

طراحی وب سایت

در اين مقاله قصد بررسي بخش سوم Event attribute در html  را داريم.

 

صفات رويداد هاي فرمي Form Events

onblur : اسکريپت ها هنگامي که عامل مورد نظر فوکوس را از دست بدهد اجرا ميشود.

onchange : در زمانيکه مقدار عامل مورد نظر تغيير کند اسکريپت اجرا ميشود.

onfocus : اسکريپت ها هنگامي که روي عامل مورد نظر فوکوس شود اجرا ميشود.

onformchange : اين رويداد زماني اتفاق مي افتد که فرم تغيير کند.

onforminput : اين رويداد نيز هنگامي که کاربر مقداري را در يکي از عامل هاي درون فرم وارد کند اتفاق مي افتد.

oninput :هنگامي که عامل از کاربر مقداري را دريافت کند اسکريپت اجرا خواهد شد.

oninvalid :اسکريپت هنگامي که مقدار اشتباه وارد شود اجرا خواهد شد.

onreset : اين رويداد زماني اجرا خواهد شد که دکمه reset در فرم کليک شود. نکته اين رويداد در html5 پشتيباني نميشود.

onselect : زماني که متني در عامل مورد نظر انتخاب شود اسکريپت اجرا خواهد شد.

onsubmit : در اين رويداد هنگامي که دکمه submit در فرم کليک شود اجرا خواهد شد.

 

رويداد هاي فرمي در صفحات وب کاربرد بسيار زيادي دارند به طوري که جذابيت و رفاه کاربر را در صفحه به طور چشمگيري افزايش مي دهد.

 

در زير مثالي از رويداد onfocus را ميتوانيد مشاهده کنيد. سعي کنيد اين مثال را حتما در سيستم خود تست کنيد. با درک اين مثال حتما ديگر رويداد ها را به سادگي و بدون خطا ميتوانيد در صفحه وب خود به کار گيريد.

 

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<script>

function setStyle(x)

{

document.getElementById(x).style.background="yellow";

}

</script>

</head>

<body>

 

<p>در تابعي که در اين مثال نوشته شده است با گرفتن فوکوس يکي از فيلد هاي ورودي ، رنگ زمينه آن تغيير پيدا ميکند.</p>

First name: <input type="text" id="fname" onfocus="setStyle(this.id)"><br>

Last name: <input type="text" id="lname" onfocus="setStyle(this.id)">

 

</body>

</html>

در آموزش بعد بخش چهارم  Event attribute ميپردازيم.

 

 

    The right-most label conveys the top-level domain; for example, the domain name www.example.com belongs to the top-level domain com.

    The hierarchy of domains descends from the right to the left label in the name; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain to the right. For example: the label example specifies a node example.com as a subdomain of the com domain, and www is a label to create www.example.com, a subdomain of example.com. This tree of labels may consist of 127 levels. Each label may contain from 1 to 63 octets. The empty label is reserved for the root node. The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 ASCII characters in its textual representation.[4] In practice, some domain registries may have shorter limits.

    A hostname is a domain name that has at least one associated IP address. For example, the domain names www.example.com and example.com are also hostnames, whereas the com domain is not. However, other top-level domains, particularly country code top-level domains, may indeed have an IP address, and if so, they are also hostnames.

    Hostnames impose restrictions on the characters allowed in the corresponding domain name. A valid hostname is also a valid domain name, but a valid domain name may not necessarily be valid as a hostname.

 

Top-level domains

 

The top-level domains such as .com and .net and .org are the highest level of domain names of the Inteet. A top-level domain is also called a TLD. Top-level domains form the DNS root zone of the hierarchical Domain Name System. Every domain name ends in a top-level or first-level domain label.

 

When the Domain Name System was devised, in the 1980s, the domain name space was divided into two main groups of domains.[5] The country code top-level domains (ccTLD) were primarily based on the two-character territory codes of ISO-3166 country abbreviations. In addition, a group of seven generic top-level domains (gTLD) was implemented which represented a set of categories of names and multi-organizations.[6] These were the domains gov, edu, com, mil, org, net, and int.

 

During the growth of the Inteet, it became desirable to create additional generic top-level domains. As of October 2009, 21 generic top-level domains and 250 two-letter country-code top-level domains existed.[7] In addition, the ARPA domain serves technical purposes in the infrastructure of the Domain Name System.

 

During the 32nd Inteational Public ICANN Meeting in Paris in 2008,[8] ICANN started a new process of TLD naming policy to take a "significant step forward on the introduction of new generic top-level domains." This program envisions the availability of many new or already proposed domains, as well a new application and implementation process.[9] Observers believed that the new rules could result in hundreds of new top-level domains to be registered.[10]

 

IANA maintains an aotated list of top-level domains in the root zone database as well as a list of special-use (reserved) top-level domain names.

Second-level and lower level domains

 

Below the top-level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the second-level domain (SLD) names. These are the names directly to the left of .com, .net, and the other top-level domains. As an example, in the domain example.co.uk, co is the second-level domain.

 

Next are third-level domains, which are written immediately to the left of a second-level domain. There can be fourth- and fifth-level domains, and so on, with virtually no limitation. An example of an operational domain name with four levels of domain labels is www.sos.state.oh.us. The www preceding the domains is the host name of the World-Wide Web server. Each label is separated by a full stop (dot). 'sos' is said to be a sub-domain of 'state.oh.us', and 'state' a sub-domain of 'oh.us', etc. In general, subdomains are domains subordinate to their parent domain. An example of very deep levels of subdomain ordering are the IPv6 reverse resolution DNS zones, e.g. 1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa, which is the reverse DNS resolution domain name for the IP address of a loopback interface, or the localhost name.

 

Second-level (or lower-level, depending on the established parent hierarchy) domain names are often created based on the name of a company (e.g. bbc.co.uk), product or service (e.g. hotmail.com). Below these levels, the next domain name component has been used to designate a particular host server. Therefore, ftp.wikipedia.org might be an FTP server, www.wikipedia.org would be a World Wide Web server, and mail.wikipedia.org could be an email server, each intended to perform only the implied function. Mode technology allows multiple physical servers with either different (cf. load balancing) or even identical addresses (cf. anycast) to serve a single hostname or domain name, or multiple domain names to be served by a single computer. The latter is very popular in Web hosting service centers, where service providers host the websites of many organizations on just a few servers.

 

The hierarchical DNS labels or components of domain names are separated in a fully qualified name by the full stop (dot, .).

Inteationalized domain names

Main article: Inteationalized domain name

 

The character set allowed in the Domain Name System is based on ASCII and does not allow the representation of names and words of many languages in their native scripts or alphabets. ICANN approved the Inteationalized domain name (IDNA) system, which maps Unicode strings used in application user interfaces into the valid DNS character set by an encoding called Punycode. For example, k?benhavn.eu is mapped to xn--kbenhavn-54a.eu. Many registries have adopted IDNA.

Domain name registration

History

 

The first commercial Inteet domain name, in the TLD .com, was registered on 15 March 1985 in the name symbolics.com by Symbolics Inc., a computer systems firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

 

By 1992, fewer than 15,000 .com domains had been registered.

 

In December 2009 there were 192 million domain names.[11] A large fraction of them are in the .com TLD, which as of March 15, 2010 had 84 million domain names, including 11.9 million online business and e-commerce sites, 4.3 million entertainment sites, 3.1 million finance related sites, and 1.8 million sports sites.[12] As of July 2012 the .com TLD has more registrations than all of the others combined[13]

Administration

 

The right to use a domain name is delegated by domain name registrars, which are accredited by the Inteet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Inteet. In addition to ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by an administrative organization operating a registry. A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD it administers. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the whois protocol.

 

Registries and registrars usually charge an aual fee for the service of delegating a domain name to a user and providing a default set of name servers. Often, this transaction is termed a sale or lease of the domain name, and the registrant may sometimes be called an "owner", but no such legal relationship is actually associated with the transaction, only the exclusive right to use the domain name. More correctly, authorized users are known as "registrants" or as "domain holders".

 

ICANN publishes the complete list of TLD registries and domain name registrars. Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the WHOIS service. For most of the 250 country code top-level domains (ccTLDs), the domain registries maintain the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) information.

 

Some domain name registries, often called network information centers (NIC), also function as registrars to end-users. The major generic top-level domain registries, such as for the COM, NET, ORG, INFO domains and others, use a registry-registrar model consisting of hundreds of domain name registrars (see lists at ICANN or VeriSign). In this method of management, the registry only manages the domain name database and the relationship with the registrars. The registrants (users of a domain name) are customers of the registrar, in some cases through additional layers of resellers.

Technical requirements and process

 

In the process of registering a domain name and maintaining authority over the new name space created, registrars use several key pieces of information coected with a domain:

 

    Administrative contact. A registrant usually designates an administrative contact to manage the domain name. The administrative contact usually has the highest level of control over a domain. Management functions delegated to the administrative contacts may include management of all business information, such as name of record, postal address, and contact information of the official registrant of the domain and the obligation to conform to the requirements of the domain registry in order to retain the right to use a domain name. Furthermore the administrative contact installs additional contact information for technical and billing functions.

    Technical contact. The technical contact manages the name servers of a domain name. The functions of a technical contact include assuring conformance of the configurations of the domain name with the requirements of the domain registry, maintaining the domain zone records, and providing continuous functionality of the name servers (that leads to the accessibility of the domain name).

    Billing contact. The party responsible for receiving billing invoices from the domain name registrar and paying applicable fees.

    Name servers. Most registrars provide two or more name servers as part of the registration service. However, a registrant may specify its own authoritative name servers to host a domain's resource records. The registrar's policies gove the number of servers and the type of server information required. Some providers require a hostname and the corresponding IP address or just the hostname, which must be resolvable either in the new domain, or exist elsewhere. Based on traditional requirements (RFC 1034), typically a minimum of two servers is required.

 

Domain names may be formed from the set of alphanumeric ASCII characters (a-z, A-Z, 0-9), but characters are case-insensitive. In addition the hyphen is permitted if it is surrounded by a characters or digits, i.e. it is not the start or end of a label. Labels are always separated by the full stop (period) character in the textual name representation.

Business models

 

Domain names are often seen in analogy to real estate in that (1) domain names are foundations on which a website (like a house or commercial building) can be built and (2) the highest "quality" domain names, like sought-after real estate, tend to carry significant value, usually due to their online brand-building potential, use in advertising, search engine optimization, and many other criteria.

 

A few companies have offered low-cost, below-cost or even cost-free domain registrations with a variety of models adopted to recoup the costs to the provider. These usually require that domains be hosted on their website within a framework or portal that includes advertising wrapped around the domain holder's content, revenue from which allows the provider to recoup the costs. Domain registrations were free of charge when the DNS was new. A domain holder can give away or sell infinite number of subdomains under their domain name. For example, the owner of example.org could provide subdomains such as foo.example.org and foo.bar.example.org to interested parties.

 

Because of the popularity of the Inteet, many desirable domain names are already assigned and users must search for other acceptable names, using Web-based search features, or WHOIS and dig operating system tools. Many registrars have implemented Domain name suggestion tools which search domain name databases and suggest available alteative domain names related to keywords provided by the user.

Resale of domain names

Main article: List of most expensive domain names

 

The business of resale of registered domain names is known as the domain aftermarket. Various factors influence the perceived value or market value of a domain name.

 

Most of the million dollar domain deals are carried out privately and go unreported. As of 2011, the most expensive domain name sales on record were:

 

    Insure.com $16 million in 2009 [14]

    Fund.com 2008 £9.99 million[14]

    Sex.com for $14 million in October 2010[14][15]

    Po.com 2007 $9.5 million[14]

    Fb.com for $8.5 million in November 2010[14][not in citation given]

 

Domain name confusion

 

Intercapping is often used to emphasize the meaning of a domain name. However, DNS names are not case-sensitive, and some names may be misinterpreted in certain uses of capitalization. For example: Who Represents, a database of artists and agents, chose whorepresents.com, which can be misread as whore presents. Similarly, a therapists' network is named therapistfinder.com. In such situations, the proper meaning may be clarified by use of hyphens in the domain name. For instance, Experts Exchange, a programmers' discussion site, for a long time used expertsexchange.com, but ultimately changed the name to experts-exchange.com.

 

Intellectual property entrepreneur Leo Stoller threatened to sue the owners of StealThisEmail.com on the basis that, when read as stealthisemail.com, it infringed on claimed (but invalid) trademark rights to the word "stealth".

Use in web site hosting

 

The domain name is a component of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) used to access web sites, for example:

 

    URL: http://www.example.net/index.html

    Top-level domain name: net

    Second-level domain name: example.net

    Host name: www.example.net

 

A domain name may point to multiple IP addresses in order to provide server redundancy for the cybeetic services to be delivered; such multi-address capability is used to manage the traffic of large, popular web sites. More commonly, however, one server computer, at a given IP address, may also host web sites in different domains. Such address overloading enables virtual web hosting, commonly used by large web hosting services to conserve IP address space. IP-address overloading is possible through a feature in the HTTP version 1.1 protocol, but not in the HTTP version 1.0 protocol, which requires that a request identify the domain name being referred for coection.

Abuse and regulation

 

Critics often claim abuse of administrative power over domain names. Particularly noteworthy was the VeriSign Site Finder system which redirected all unregistered .com and .net domains to a VeriSign webpage. For example, at a public meeting with VeriSign to air technical conces about SiteFinder,[16] numerous people, active in the IETF and other technical bodies, explained how they were surprised by VeriSign's changing the fundamental behavior of a major component of Inteet infrastructure, not having obtained the customary consensus. SiteFinder, at first, assumed every Inteet query was for a website, and it monetized queries for incorrect domain names, taking the user to VeriSign's search site. Unfortunately, other applications, such as many implementations of email, treat a lack of response to a domain name query as an indication that the domain does not exist, and that the message can be treated as undeliverable. The original VeriSign implementation broke this assumption for mail, because it would always resolve an erroneous domain name to that of SiteFinder. While VeriSign later changed SiteFinder's behaviour with regard to email, there was still widespread protest about VeriSign's action being more in its financial interest than in the interest of the Inteet infrastructure component for which VeriSign was the steward.

 

Despite widespread criticism, VeriSign only reluctantly removed it after the Inteet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) threatened to revoke its contract to administer the root name servers. ICANN published the extensive set of letters exchanged, committee reports, and ICANN decisions.[17]

 

There is also significant disquiet regarding the United States' political influence over ICANN. This was a significant issue in the attempt to create a .xxx top-level domain and sparked greater interest in alteative DNS roots that would be beyond the control of any single country.[18]

 

Additionally, there are numerous accusations of domain name front ruing, whereby registrars, when given whois queries, automatically register the domain name for themselves. Network Solutions has been accused of this.[19]